Surface Tension

Processed info fudge 1 Data in measuring the eyeshade of the water system attempt crown of water (m) 1 0. 032 2 0. 032 3 0. 032 Average 0. 032 Table 2 determine for measuring the roentgen of capillary tube vacuum tube Temperature 30 degrees Celsius Density 30 degrees Celsius 995. 67 kg m-3 Acceleration due to somberness 9. 8 m s2 Height of water 0. 032 m dig up tightness of emailprotected 30 degrees Celsius 7. 118 X 10-2 N m wheel spoke of capillary tube 4. 5592825 X 10-4 m Table 3 shelters for the apex of n-butanol radicals in capillary tube Temperature effort 0. 1 M 0. 2 M 0. 4 M 0. M 0. 8 M 30 degrees Celsius 1 0. 022 0. 023 0. 023 0. 024 0. 025 2 0. 022 0. 023 0. 024 0. 025 0. 026 3 0. 022 0. 024 0. 024 0. 025 0. 026 Average 0. 022 0. 0233 0. 0237 0. 0247 0. 0257 Table 4 Values for prove strain assiduity Density (kg m3) Acc. due to gravity (m s-2) Height (m) Radius (m) Surface latent hostility (N m-1) 0. 1 M 910 9. 8 0. 022 4. 5592825 X 10-4 0. 04472564 947 0. 2 M 920 0. 0233 0. 04788906204 0. 4 M 930 0. 0237 0. 04917091975 0. 6 M 940 0. 0247 0. 05187013633 0. 8 M 950 0. 0257 0. 545442923 Table 5 Values for additional concentration, cross-sectional field of honor, & molecular grease-gun constant of n-butanol Temperature 303 K supernumerary concentration 7. 9387 mol m-2 Cross-sectional argona 2. 09 X 1048 A Molecular rundle of n-butanol 8. 156394192 X 1023 A Figure 1 Plot of n-butanol concentration versus locate emphasis Figure 2 Plot of surface focus versus ln C Discussion The aim of the experiment is to use the capillary sharpen method acting to determine the surface tension of the working stem in this case, the mixed bag magnitude concentrations of n-butanol settlement.In a solution, molecules bring forth intermolecular forces with from each one other. However, the molecules in the surface of the solution experience less intermolecular force because kick downstairs of it is exposed to a different ph ase. Therefore, there is a tendency for the bulk solution to absorb the molecules from the surface towards them. This concept is utilise in a rain droplet, where because of the withdraw by the bulk part of the solution, it shapes into a form of a sphere a shape with the least surface area. The purloin of the solution in the capillary tube is the case of coherence and adhesion.Cohesion is the attraction of molecules inwardly the same phase while adhesion refers to the attraction of molecules of different phases say the n-butanol solution and the walls of the capillary tube. If the adhesion force is stronger than the cohesion force, the walls of the capillary tube will be wet, which in turn attracts molecules from the bulk of the solution upward until the pressure exerted from outside (environment) of the capillary tube is equal to the forces that lifts the solution upwards.This symmetricalness point will be utilise to determine the height of the testify of the solution, which is a factor in determining the surface tension of the solution. Different concentrations of n-butanol solution were disposed(p) in volumetric flasks. Then the r of the capillary tube was identified by performing the capillary rise method using deionized water. With the given surface tension of water at 30 degrees Celsius, the radius was calculated r=2? pgh Surfactants are molecules that prepare a nonpolar tooshie and a polar end.It lowers the surface tension from two different phases because of its ability to pull the molecules toward the molecules in the surface area. N-butanol is a bed wetter therefore, it is hypothesized that the surface tension will cliff as the concentration of this surfactant in the solution increases. However, in the experiment, the results stated otherwise, that the to a greater extent concentrated the n-butanol in the solution is, the higher(prenominal) the surface tension it manifests, as shown in figure 1.The equation used to suppose for the su rface tension is ? = pghr2 where p is the tautness, g is the acceleration due to gravity, h is the height of the solution and r is the radius of the capillary. Sources of fallacy can come from the deviating temperatures of the balance way and the laboratory. The capillary rise method should have been performed immediately right after identifying the density of the solution since a little change in temperature could greatly affect the fashion of the solution.Moreover, the long duration of time in performing the capillary rise method could possibly turn the solution spikelet again to two layered phases, sooner of a homogenous mixture therefore, what is metric is the height of the crude deionized wated rather than the solution. Also, another(prenominal) source of error could be the extend stagnant state of the other solutions in the volumetric flask where the alcohols present in the solution could possibly be dark into vapor state inside the flasks.The demeanour of the n-buta nol is to converge to each other and replace the water molecules at the surface. The concentration of this surfactant becomes bigger than the molecules in the bulk which gives the excess of concentration denoted by ? = -sRT where s is the heel over of the best-fit line by plotting the surface tension against ln C (concentration in mol m-3), R is the ideal gas constant, and the T is the temperature in Kelvin. The honor of ? , is used to calculate the value of the cross-sectional molecule of n-butanol, as headspring as the molecular radius of the chemical.Conclusion Although the result stated otherwise, the concept of surface tension and the relationship of the concentration of the surfactant were soundless with further research of other associate experiments. Despite this, the use of capillary rise method gave way to compute for the radius without directly measuring it, but instead by having a given surface tension and determining the other ample factors in the Laplace equatio n. Sample Calculations radius of capillary= 2(0. 07118Nm)995. 67kgm39. 8ms2(0. 0320m)=0. 00046m urface tension= 910kgm39. 8ms20. 022m(0. 00046m)2=0. 045Nm excess concentration= -0. 0028. 314JKmol(303K)= 0. 00000079Jmol cross-sectional area= 10. 00000079Jmol10101m216. 022X1023molecules=2. 09X1048A molecular radius= 2. 09X1048Avalue of pi=8. 16X1023A Literature Cited Chang, Raymond. Physical Chemistry for the chemical substance and Biological acquirements. 3rd ed. Sausalito, CA University Science Books, 2000. Print. Page 840. csustan. Surface Tension and ooze Bubbles . 03 February 1999. 25 June 2012. . Prpich, A. , et. al. Tension at the Surface Which Phase Is More Important, Liquid or Vapor?. 2009 Value of density 30 degrees Celsius taken from Value of ideal gas constant taken from Mohr, Peter J. Taylor, Barry N. Newell, David B. (2008). CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants 2006. Rev. Mod. Phys. 80 (2) 633730. . Value of surface tension of water 30 taken from Lange, p. 1663