How to Write a Bio thats Targeted and Attention-Getting

How to Write a Bio thats Targeted and Attention-Getting You’ve probably heard multiple times that there’s no “one-size-fits-all” resume. But what about bios? Is there a one-size-fits-all bio? My answer is steadfastly, “No.” You need to understand how to write a bio thats targeted to each audience youre addressing, based on that audiences  focus, interests, and needs. I personally have an entire Word document devoted to copious versions of my bio. Each one is geared toward a specific audience. How to Write a Bio for Myself (Brenda Bernstein) The bio that goes along with my How to Make Resume Writing Fun webinar starts as follows: Brenda Bernstein, Certified Master Resume Writer (CMRW), Certified Executive Resume Master (CERM), and accomplished editor and LinkedIn trainer, believes that resume writing does NOT have to be a drag! Notice that the facts about me are resume specific, and I set up my audience to think this presentation will make resume writing more palatable. What if I’m doing a presentation about LinkedIn? Here’s how I craft that bio: Brenda Bernstein is the #1 Amazon-best-selling author of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile, now in its 12th edition and recently released in full-color print. A compelling speaker, award-winning businesswoman and top-certified resume writer, Brenda has worked with hundreds of professionals and executives who understand the value of an effective LinkedIn profile. Not surprisingly, the LinkedIn-related bio contains evidence of my LinkedIn expertise and experience. Third, here’s the beginning of my bio, written for a Yale audience where I was giving back-to-back presentations on resume and LinkedIn profile writing: Brenda Bernstein, MC ’91[1], is the author of the #1 Best-Selling e-book, How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile. Now owner and senior editor of The Essay Expert, recovering lawyer (NYU ’98), Certified Master Resume Writer, and sought-after LinkedIn trainer, Brenda began her editing “career” wordsmithing her friends’ articles for the Yale Daily News. As you can see, the audience and the topic inform what I emphasize in each bio. I literally write a new bio every time an organization or website asks me for one! How to Write a Bio for a Client (Tamira Johnelle) Recently, I was fortunate to have the opportunity to write two bios for Tamira Johnelle. You’ll find out more about this sparkling woman in a moment. For now, what I want to convey is the difference in the bios I wrote for her. The first was for a conference for women entrepreneurs. The second was for her website. As you read the bios, look for the emphasis of each and the clear differences, all of which stem from Tamira’s target audience. Women Entrepreneurs Conference Bio: Tamira Johnelle is turning her own weight loss story into one of the fastest-growing businesses of its kind. Her impressive accomplishment of going from size 18 to size 6 in 7 months, while eating dessert every day, is not her only claim to fame. Check out the growth of her following: from 1,639 followers to 11,550 followers in 4 weeks! She has created  a 16-week virtual course as well as a one-on-one coaching program for people struggling with their weight, giving them the blueprint to her success and helping them on their journey to weight  loss freedom. Tamira’s recipe collection of delicious, healthy main dishes and desserts, From a Size 18 to a Size 6 in 7 Months While Eating Dessert Daily, The MAIN DISH EDITION is selling like hotcakes. And people have responded amazingly well to her recipe videos on Facebook Live and Periscope. When you meet this no-nonsense, exuberant entrepreneur, you’ll understand why she is an inspiration to anyone wanting to enjoy both their food and their lives. Website Bio: Tamira Johnelle, who went from a size 18 to a size 6 in 7 months, is an inspiration to anyone who has been struggling with their weight for years and who feels like a failure because of it. Tamira grew up on the American junk food diet. As a girl, she would hide candy under the pillow, and wake up in the middle of the night to eat it. In the morning she woke up hungry for more. This cycle of unhealthy eating was consuming her life. As much as she tried to talk herself out of her patterns, she could not stop these overwhelmingly powerful cravings. This might sound familiar to you. As she grew older, Tamira wrestled with her weight, going on unrealistic diets she couldnt keep. Eat salads all day? Are you kidding? Tamira was not about to give up desserts foreverâ€"but she did want to be healthy and look great in a size 6 dress. She knew there must be a better way to get amazing and sustainable weight loss results. One important step was learning how to cook. Tamira is self-taught and in 7 years has come  up with a whole cookbook full of recipes that completely satisfy and that will stop your junk food cravings.  Here are just a few of the delicious items you’ll find in From a Size 18 to a Size 6 in 7 Months While Eating Dessert Daily, The MAIN DISH EDITION: Tasty, Satisfying Entrees: Slow Cooker BBQ Pulled Chicken, Salmon Cakes, Black Bean Avocado Quesadillas Desserts that Won’t Have You Thinking about Junk Food All Day: Turmeric-Lemon Kidney Bean Cake, Maple-Cayenne Cookies, Maple-Pineapple-Lime Sorbet But recipes will only get you 20% there. Tamira has developed an entire lifestyle that has helped her and others get and keep the weight off through positive affirmations, healthy meals, exercise and a host of other methods. She has created  a 16-week virtual course as well as a one-on-one coaching program for people struggling with their own weight, giving them the blueprint to her success and helping them on their journey to weight  loss freedom. [This bio is followed by four compelling success stories.] What do you notice about these bios? Do you see how Tamira’s entrepreneurial successes, which are highlighted in the conference bio, would be inappropriate on her website? They would turn people off. But the entrepreneurs want to know about this stuff because they want the same kind of success. And notice how her own longer story, the details of her recipes, and her clients’ weight loss successes, which are key to her persona on her website, take a back seat in a bio for an audience of entrepreneurs. The entrepreneurs couldn’t care less about the client with lupus whose inflammation all but disappeared in two weeks. How to Write a Bio for Yourself! Do you have a bio at the ready to send out whenever you’re asked for one? If you do, take a moment before pressing “send” to make sure you’ve tailored the bio to your audience. There’s no one-size-fits-all bio! And if you need help with how to write a bio, The Essay Expert will be happy to help! Check out our bio writing packages. [1] Morse College, a residential college at Yale, and my graduating year (1991).

Most Important Prehistoric Animals of Italy

Building A Risk Management Plan - 946 Words

In order to effectively development a risk management plan that will be effective, it is important to start with discussing the framework for risk management as provided by the Presidential/Congressional Commission. We will review each step as well as dis-cuss how each step will be used in the current context of a recent health concern of current head lice species have become resistant to the most widely used chemical used to treat this condition. There are opposing views on whether the common treatment is not effective or if it is not administered correctly. The framework six stages are: 1-defining the problem and put into context, the problem in this case is the inability of current methods to treat infestation of head lice; 2-analyze risks associated with problem in context, the risks are the potential for the condition to spread, longer infection periods, requiring higher costs for more advanced treatments; 3-examine options for addressing risk, some of the options are better edu-cating parents on effective over the counter treatment methods, when it is necessary to consult the child’s physician and when should the more costly options be considered, particularly if they have not been found to be more effective, are they worth it?, devel-oping other drugs the bugs are not immune to would also need to be considered; 4-decide which option or options to implement, the quickest and easiest of the afore men-tioned options is better education of parents in the proper methods ofShow MoreRelatedProject Task and Risk Plan1031 Words   |   4 Pages Task and Risk Plan Plan Move With Warehouse Manager New Facility Old Facility New Facility Install RFID Equipment Palletize goods Assemble racks Plan Layout Count inventory Place equipment according to layout Ensure Licensure Shrink wrap goods Place racking according to layout plan Ensure Code Requirements are met Place goods for moving Place goods on racking Inform vendors Break down racking Place RFID tags Move racking to new facility Count inventory Move goods toRead MoreRefurbishment Of Broron Oil And Gas Limited Three Storey Building1675 Words   |  7 PagesLIMITED THREE STOREY BUILDING IN LAGOS NIGERIAN. 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Nursing Care Plan Basic Conditioning Free Essays

COMMUNITY COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF NURSING CLINICAL ASSESSMENT TOOL Subjective Data (Basic Conditioning Factors) Student: Date of Care: 10/03/09 Patient’s Initials: P. V. Age: 37 Room #: 3114 Bed 1Allergies: Food: NKA Gender: FMedications: NKA Environmental: NKA Admitting Diagnosis: Pancreatitis Developmental Stage (Erickson and Havinghurst): (List Developmental stage and tasks, assess each task) 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing Care Plan Basic Conditioning or any similar topic only for you Order Now Selecting a mate: Although patient is single, she has many friends. Patient was happy to introduce her friends that came to visit. Introductions were all made as friends, no boyfriend or husband mentioned. 2. Starting a family and raising children: Patient is not interested in these aspects of life. Patient is more concerned over her friends and their activities that they do together. 3. Managing home: While the patient lives alone, she would prefer to have a roommate to share housekeeping tasks and rent. 4. Taking civic responsibility: Patient is not interest in helping out community. 5. Starting occupation: Patient has been a Title Researcher for two years, she claims that it is just a job to pay the bills. 6. Finding congenial social group: Patient claims that she has a tight group of friends that she enjoys going out with. While the patient was agreeable, she wanted to be left alone. The Erickson stage that the patient is in is adulthood; Intimacy vs. Isolation. I find that Miss F. V. to be in isolation, developmentally. She wanted no socialization from myself, lives alone, and works alone. She is not actively looking for a mate and was demanding to have her door shut my entire shift, which was the norm since she was admitted 20 days ago. History of present illness: On 9/13/09 patient presented with severe ABD pain in ED. A computed tomography Scan (CT-Scan) of the abdomen and pelvis with contrast was performed; showing severe pancreatitis with prominent pancreas demonstrating significant edema. Moderate to large amounts of ABD ascites demonstrating simple fluid attenuation was noted. Peritoneal enhancement was predominantly noted within the left ABD, reflecting significant peritonitis. No bowel obstruction was noted and pancreatic necrosis was not excluded. Moderate bilateral pleural effusions were also noted. Past medical history : Irritable Bowel Syndrome Anxiety Depression Cocaine use (1998) Smoker Past surgical history: none Medications: Drug NameDoseRoute FrequencyClassification Metoprolol Tartrate50mgPO q12hAntihypertensive Enoxaparin Sodium40mgSQ dailyAnticoagulant Esomeprazole Mag Trihy40gmPO dailyAnti-ulcer Hydromorphone hydr2mgPO PRN Opioid Analgesic Ergocalciferol800int unitsPO daily Vitamin Complementary/Alternative Medical Practices Herbal Remedies: None Vitamins/Minerals: Daily multivitamins Meditation/Yoga: None Massage: None Acupuncture/Acupressure: None Aromatherapy: None Other: None Health Care Systems (Current orders and role of health care members): Low fat diet IV TPN@83cc/hr q24h Double Lumen PICC line Left AC CBC OOB Sociocultural / spiritual orientation: none Family system: Patient has family support, however lives alone in a walk up apartment. Patterns of Living: A. Employment: Title Researcher B. Education: Some college C. Hobbies / interest: None D. ETOH / drug use: Social only Environment (Conditions of living and working): Client lives alone, although the answer changed from 9/13/09 to 9/14/09 to lives with a friend. Family is supportive. Friends are supportive. Available Resources (Economic, personal, agencies): Primary Insurance: Primary Insurance is a HMO with BlueCross BlueShield. Objective Assessment of the USCR’s Pt: F. V. Room 13314 Bed 1 Jennifer Hughes Please use Y, N, NA to indicate Yes, No or Not Applicable Day 1Day 2Additional Data Psychosocial Solitude v. Social Interaction or Normalcy Well groomed/Good hygieneY Appropriate/Full range affect Y Maintains eye contactN Calm moodN Cooperative attitudeY Able to concentrateY Clear speech (volume/tone) Y Psychomotor retardation N Tics/Tremors N Hyperactivity/Restlessness/Agitation N Hallucinations/Illusions N Suicidal/Homicidal Ideations N Activity/Rest Well-rested N FatiguedN Slept through night N Neuromuscular (prevention of hazards) Alert and oriented Y Times 3 Gait steady Y Hygiene independentN Refused AM care Primary notified Pain free NDilaudid 2mg given @ 6am by primary Hand grasp, strong and equal bilat Y Foot push, strong and equal bilat Y Smile symmetrical Y Tongue to midline Y PERL Y Meets developmental task Y Cardiovascular (air or water) Palpable pedal pulses bilaterally Y Oral mucosa pink Y Conjunctiva pink Y Capillary refill within 2 seconds Y Absence of edema Y Apical/radial regular rhythm YRate= 94 Blood pressure YBP= 86/60 primary notified Telemetry Y Integument (prevention of hazards) Temperature YTemp= 98. 0 Skin turgor WNL Y No tenting noted Skin warm to palpation Y Cool to touch Skin intact Y Incisions N Wounds N Day 1Day 2Additional Data Respiratory (air) Resps easy and even Y Lungs clear Y Secretions N Oxygen in use N Oxygen saturationY 98 Cough and deep breathe N Chest tubesN Gastrointestinal (Food or Elimination) Abdomen softY Tender to the touch Abdomen non-distended Y Bowel sounds presentYAll 4 quads Abdominal drainsN Stomach tubesN Bowel movementN Nausea/vomiting N Feeds selfY Breakfast (% consumed) 50% Lunch (% consumed) 75% Dinner (% consumed) Tube feedingN IV solution (type and rate) YTPN @83cc/hr bag @ 1200cc @ 07:40 IV site (location)YLeft AC PICC Double Lumen IV site without redness or swelling Y IV dressing dry and intact Y Chemstick n/a Gastrointestinal (food or Elimination) Voids in bedpan or bathroom Y Pt. using bathroom Foley catheterN Suprapubic tube N Urine clearY Color yellow-amber Y Yellow Amount (cc’s)n/a Continuous bladder irrigation N Lab Data (explain abnormal values) RANGE WBC: 4. 5 – 11. 0 HGB: Men 14. 7 – 16. 1 Women 9. 3 L12. 0 16. 0May indicate anemia. HCT: Men 42. 0 – 52. 0 Women 27. 1 L37. 0 47. 0May indicate anemia, bone marrow dysfunction, malnutrition, over hydration Platelet 490 H150. 0 – 450. 0 Could indicate hemorrhage or inflammatory disorder. Glucose 8370. 0 – 110. 0WNR Sodium 140135. 0 – 145. 0 WNR Chloride 10395. 0 – 110. 0 WNR Potassium 4. 3 3. 5 – 5. 1 WNR Calcium 8. 1 L8. 4 – 10. 2May indicate protein vitamin D deficiency, malnutrition, cushing syndrome, acute pancreatitis Albumin 2. 6 L 3. 4 – 5. 0Could indicate malnutrition, ulcerative colitis, use of penicillin, sulfonamides, aspirin or ascorbic acid. BUN: 127. 0 – 20. 0 WNR CR: . 40. 3 – 1. 5 WNR PT: Not in labs 10 – 12 sec PTT: Not in labs 3045 sec INR: Not in labs 2 – 3 How to cite Nursing Care Plan Basic Conditioning, Essay examples

Soldiers Attitude to Wwi free essay sample

Soldiers were perceived as a coward if they had not enlisted to go to war. Women would hand them a white feather, symbolising that they did not show pride in their country. This glorious adventure was backed up by the feeling that both spiritual renewal and courage could be developed. Soldiers believed that the war would be over Christmas and many had feared that war would be over before they had even got involved. Captain Julian Grenfell, in a letter to his mother during war, had emphasized that he â€Å"adore(s) war, it’s like a big picnic without the object lesson of a picnic. I’ve never been so well or so happy†¦ it is all the best fun. † As depicted from a photograph of a crowd in Berlin at the outbreak of war in 1914, many numerous young men are saluting their hats the sky and singing praises due to the outbreak of war, outlining happiness and excitement, through the expression evident on their faces. War poet, Wilfred Owen, outlines the enthusiasm and keenness to join war as he emphasizes that, â€Å"O meet it is and passing sweet, to live in peace with others, but sweet still and far more meet, to die in war for brothers. Owen encourages readers to enlist for war as it is a honor and a credit to serves for ones country. War poet Rupert Brooke, in his poem, ‘The Soldier,’ mentions, â€Å"†¦and think, this heart, all evil shed away†¦laughter, learnt of friends and gentleness,† as he outlines the positive experiences of engaging in the war effort. Author W. H Stephens, of ‘Imperial Camp Songs and Recitations of the war of 1914-1915,’ states that â€Å"if you want a jolly outing at this season of the year, just put on a Khaki outfit,† highlights that the need to feel good is to enlist in the war. In Europe, the war was known to have brought needed â€Å"purification and spiritual cleansing. † At the beginning of the war in 1914, Britain’s men of one million had enlisted in the war with three million having enlisted by the end of 1915. Buckingham Palace in Britain was surrounded by cheering crowds, as nationalism was evident everywhere. The German’s had believed that they felt they needed to be attacked. The Military Law Proclamation of the 31st July, 1914, had called all men for military service. Reports proved that ten million men were on camp. Both allied and German soldiers were enthused to engage in the war effort at the beginning of 1914 and 1915. It is known by Historian Malcolm Brown, that within two months at war, the soldiers were starting to become disillusioned. The reality was starting to kick in as they had not comprehended what they were in for. The Christmas truce had acted as an agreement between the two opposing sides, of the allied and Germans, to cease fighting. On Christmas day, the guns had stopped firing. This had changed the attitude of the German and allied soldier as gifts were exchanged, such as alcohol, cigarettes, chocolates and photographs, singing of Christmas carols were heard and conversation between them was spoken. Due to such actions evident on no man’s land, Commander of the British Expeditionary Force, Sir John French, ordered, â€Å"to prevent any reoccurrence, of such conduct, and called the local commanders to strict account, which resulted in a great deal of trouble. In a letter to his mother, Second Lieutenant Dougan Chate r, on the 25th of December, 1914, mentioned â€Å"I have seen one of the most extraordinary sights today that anyone has ever seen†¦our men went out to meet them [German’s] and in about two minutes the ground between the two lines of trenches was swarming with men and officers of both sides shaking hands and wishing each other a happy Christmas. † Bruce Bairnsfather, an Eng lish Soldier, recalled that â€Å"there was not an atom of hate on either side that day: and yet, on our side, not for a moment was the will to beat them relaxed. The military leaders of that time could not punish any soldier for his actions that day, yet warned them that it was to not happen again, as they issued strict orders. Leaders had encouraged the soldier’s to envy the opposition and encouraged fighting to continue, so that soldiers would not develop friendships and not want to fight any more. Although this was to never transpire again, there are some accounts of this occurring on Christmas In 1915. A changing attitude to war developed between the allied and German soldiers. War weariness had begun to settle in and the enthusiasm and passion to fight in war had died off. The war had gone on a lot longer than anticipated. The battlefields were becoming increasingly difficult for soldiers to bear. There was realization that the war would continue. The soldiers felt like nothing more than a trip home. In July 1918, Private A. Golding stated that, â€Å"Ill own, that his shells put the wind up me, and that Im not, and dont want to be a hero. I want to go home. † This is in great comparison to what the soldiers had previously thought. The conditions on the battlefields were harsh, which contributed to war weariness as soldiers comprehended the comparison of their previous thoughts of war, with present reality. Dangerous, loud explosions were encounted by the soldiers on the battlefields as â€Å"a terrific crash which flung me yards,† was experienced by the soldier, R. H Mottram, author of the Personal Records of the War. He suffered â€Å"enormous noise†¦ continuous explosion,† which degraded and disturbed the living conditions of soldiers on the Western Front. Private W. Carson Carton mentioned that food was â€Å"cooked in the same container it was boiled†¦and plum and apple jam and biscuits were washed down with tea. † The soldier’s enthusiasm between each other was still alive, yet many had given up. War time poet, Wilfred Owen, in his poem, â€Å"The Dead-Beat,† states that, â€Å"He dropped, more sullenly than wearily, Lay stupid like a cod, heavy like meat, And none of us could kick him to his feet. † Due to personal losses and huge casualties, the soldier’s began to view war very differently. Poet Henry Weston Pryce, in 1918 stated that,If such be life, and if to lives to love, O God, weve made a bloody mess of it! German and Allied attempts to break the stalemate through the Schlieffen Plan, the Battle of the Verdun, Operation St. Michael, as well as the Battle of the Somme and Passchendaele all contributed in increasing war weariness due to the amount of casualties and deaths. War weariness began to settle in as time had ventured on and the soldier’s attitude to war had significantly changed in comparison to what emotions were felt in 1914. German’s had a change in attitude during World War One alike the Allies. War weariness for the German’s was an even more serious problem. On the home fronts, Germany’s citizens were undertaking strikes to resemble the grief hat the soldiers were feeling and the urge for war to not continue. August 8th had been marked â€Å"the Black Day† for Germans as the allies were keen to push through German front lines to victory. On this day, â€Å"all hell broke loose and we heard nothing more. The world was enveloped in sound and flame, and our ears just couldnt cope. The ground shook. † ( Gunner J. R. Armitage). Battles on the War front ha d a significant impact on the German soldiers. Ludendorff claimed in 1918 that, â€Å"The Somme was the muddy grave of the German field Army. Confidence, Morale, and self esteem had gradually fallen in the high spirits of German soldiers. German soldier, Adolf Galland mentions â€Å"Of course, the outcome of the war would not have been changed. The war was lost perhaps, when it was started. † The changing attitude of the soldiers was clearly evident in the German army. Many contributing factors accumulated for the changing attitudes of both allied and German soldier’s fighting on the War Front. The changing attitudes from enthusiasm to depression had a significant impact on the German and Allied soldier’s experience at war.

Business Computerization Essays - Information Technology Management

Business Computerization The word ubiquitous means ever present or occurring everywhere. This term could be used to describe the use of the computer in the business. The business world's benefit alone is enough to make a head spin. Every time a person goes to the grocery store, the bank, the local ATM, or even the neighborhood gym the benefit by the use of computers in modern society is unforeseen by most civilians. Many fields in business depend on the convenience, speed, accuracy, and reliability that computers have become known for. However all companies small and large benefit from the use of computers. First a company must research the impact computers will have on keeping track of there accounts. Then they must choose the correct hardware and software to best suit their particular needs, while at the same time making themselves familiar with the new enhancements that increase productivity. Finally, the company must allow time for installation and training. When evaluating the need for a computerized system in a company one will also need to forecast the future demands of the company. After all to survive in the business world one must anticipate the future and not react to the past. How does one know when it is time to make the critical transition? It is when management finds itself unable to keep track of its business? Which products are profitable? Which are not? Which customers pay on time? Which are delinquent? Having easy access to this data is essential to running a healthy and competitive business. When the company has grown enough that management no longer has access to the data used to make informed decisions, then it is time to switch to a computerized data management system. These computerized data management systems are often called information systems. The company now has two choices. It can either hire a professional consulting firm to help select and install the computer system, or venture out on its own to make these important decisions. Adequate planning is the most important step in assuring the successful use of computer technology. Most companies would be better off seeking the aid of a consulting firm. They are better informed on the different types of hardware and software that would best suit the computing needs. An outside firm is a better choice because they are less likely to make a costly mistake when choosing the new system. Another benefit to using a consulting firm would be there help in setting-up the procedures for using the new computer system and the necessary training to implement those procedures. Once the company has decided that they will benefit from computer enhancements it is then a matter of choosing which software and hardware at would be most useful. Software is just another name for the programming that computers run on. It is the language that tells computers what to do. When choosing software it is important to, make sure to select the right number and combination of software"modules" to meet a company's needs. The objective is to come up with an integrated system by selecting the modules important to the company. Here is an example of an integrated system. Say your employee sends a bill to customer. With manual systems one would have to post it three times to the sales journal, to a customer receivable account and to the general ledger. But with an integrated computer system one entry and the data will be posted automatically to all the appropriate files. There is an alternative to buying packaged software. A Company can have a custom program written. Custom programs are very expensive. Costing, up to $25,000 more, depending on the number of modules one will buy. They are generally uneconomical and unnecessary. In most cases people are able to purchase pre-packaged software at a fraction of the cost of custom software. The software will then be able to handle up to 80% of the needs. Price is not the only consideration. Before one buys, find out what comes in a software package. Read the manuals and determine if the features satisfy everything that the company requires. A good word to describe computers is ever changing. One should always be on the lookout for new computer technology to help the company. Very often the company can increase productivity with just a few enhancements. For example, multilingual programs have grown important over the years. As trade barriers in the world crumble and new opportunities continue to grow. Mid-sized and even small businesses expand their market beyond U.S. boarders; they are then

Pauses in Speech and Writing

Pauses in Speech and Writing In phonetics, a pause is a break in speaking; a moment of silence. Adjective: pausal. Pauses and Phonetics In phonetic analysis, a double vertical bar (||) is used to represent a distinct pause. In direct speech (in both fiction and nonfiction), a pause is conventionally indicated in writing by ellipsis points (. . .) or a dash (- ). Pauses in Fiction Gwen raised her head and spoke haltingly, fighting back tears. He told me Tuesday there was too much damage . . . She wiped her wet face with her fingers. But he wants to send her to a specialist in Memphis. (John Grisham, A Time to Kill. Wynwood Press, 1989)Anyone who is guilty of such practices . . ., he paused for effect, leaning forward and staring at the congregation, . . . anyone in town . . ., he turned and looked behind him, at the monks and nuns in the choir, . . . or even in the priory . . . He turned back. I say, anyone guilty of such practices should be shunned.He paused for effect.And may God have mercy on their souls. (Ken Follett, World Without End. Dutton, 2007) Pauses in Drama Mick: You still got that leak.Aston: Yes.Pause.Its coming from the roof.Mick: From the roof, eh?Aston: Yes.Pause.Ill have to tar it over.Mick: Youre going to tar it over?Aston: Yes.Mick: What?Aston: The cracks.Pause.Mick: Youll be tarring over the cracks on the roof.Aston: Yes.Pause.Mick: Think thatll do it?Aston: Itll do it, for the time being.Mick: Uh.Pause.  (Harold Pinter,  The Caretaker. Grove Press, 1961) The pause is a pause because of what has just happened in the minds and guts of the characters. They spring out of the text. Theyre not formal conveniences or stresses but part of the body of the action. (Harold Pinter in Conversations With Pinter by Mel Gussow. Nick Hern Books, 1994) Pauses in Public Speaking If you prefer to read your speech, make sure to pause frequently, take a breath, look up, and scan the audience. . . .Besides allowing you to fill your lungs with air, pausing also allows the audience to absorb the spoken words and create pictures in their own minds. The habit of pausing eliminates the dreaded um and err and adds emphasis to your last point. (Peter L. Miller, Speaking Skills for Every Occasion. Pascal Press, 2003) Pauses in Conversation There are even rules about silence. It has been said that, in a conversation between two English speakers who are not close friends, a silence of longer than four seconds is not allowed (which means that people become embarrassed if nothing is said after that time- they feel obliged to say something, even if it is only a remark about the weather.) (Peter Trudgill, Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society, 4th ed. Penguin, 2000) Types and Functions of Pauses A distinction has been drawn between silent pauses and filled pauses (e.g. ah, er), and several functions of pause have been established, e.g. for breathing, to mark grammatical boundaries, and to provide time for the planning of new material. Pauses which have a structural function (juncture pauses) are distinguished from those involved in hesitation (hesitation pauses). Investigations of pausal phenomena have been particularly relevant in relation to developing a theory of speech production. In grammar, the notion of potential pause is sometimes used as a technique for establishing word units in a language- pauses being more likely at word boundaries than within words. (David Crystal, Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 6th ed. Blackwell, 2008) Systematic pausing . . . performs several functions: marking syntactic boundaries;allowing the speaker time to forward plan;providing semantic focus (a pause after an important word);marking a word or phrase rhetorically (a pause before it);indicating the speakers willingness to hand over the speech turn to an interlocutor. The first two are closely connected. For the speaker, it is efficient to construct forward planning around syntactic or phonological units (the two may not always coincide). For the listener this carries the benefit that syntactic boundaries are often marked. (John Field, Psycholinguistics: The Key Concepts. Routledge, 2004) Lengths of Pauses Pausing also gives the speaker time to plan an upcoming utterance (Goldman-Eisler, 1968; Butcher, 1981; Levelt, 1989). Ferreira (1991) showed that speech planning-based pauses are longer before more complex syntactic material, whereas what she terms timing-based pauses (after already spoken material), tend to reflect prosodic structure. There is also a relationship between pause placement, prosodic structure, and syntactic disambiguation across a range of languages (e.g., Price et al., 1991; Jun, 2003). In general, tasks that require greater cognitive load on the speaker or that require them to perfom a more complex task other than reading from a prepared script result in longer pauses . . .. For example, Grosjean and Deschamps (1975) found that pauses are more than twice as long during description tasks (1,320 ms) than during interviews (520 ms) . . .. (Janet Fletcher, The Prosody of Speech: Timing and Rhythm. The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences, 2nd ed., edited by William J. Hardcast le, John Laver, and Fiona E. Gibbon. Blackwell, 2013) The Lighter Side of Pauses: Joke-Telling [A] critical feature in the style of all stand-up comedians is a pause after the delivery of the punch line, during which the audience laughs. The comic usually signals the onset of this critical pause with marked gestures, facial expressions, and altered voice intonation. Jack Benny was known for his minimalist gestures, but they were still discernible, and worked wonderfully. A joke will fail if the comic rushes to his next joke, providing no pause for audience laughter (premature ejokulation)- this is comedys recognition of the power of the punctuation effect. When the comic continues too soon after delivery of his punch line, he not only discourages, and crowds-out, but neurologically inhibits audience laughter (laftus interruptus). In show-biz jargon, you dont want to step on your punch line. (Robert R. Provine, Laughter: A Scientific Investigation. Viking, 2000)